Orthoptics
Orthoptics is a medical term for the eye muscle training programs provided by orthoptists and optometrists. Vision therapy programs include orthoptics, but, technically there are broad distinctions between vision therapy and orthoptics. Orthoptics, which literally means "straightening of the eyes," is limited in scope to eye-muscle training and the cosmetic straightening of eyes. Orthoptics treat muscle problems only in regard to strength and do not focus on neurological and visual-motor issues in the comprehensive way in which vision therapy does. Treatment is home based.

Vision Therapy
Vision Therapy is an individualized, supervised, non-surgical treatment program designed to correct eye movements and visual-motor deficiencies. Vision Therapy sessions include procedures designed to enhance the brain's ability to control:

• eye alignment,
• eye teaming,
• eye focusing abilities,
• eye movements, and/or
• visual processing.

Visual-motor skills and endurance are developed through the use of specialized computer and optical devices, including therapeutic lenses, prisms, and filters. During the final stages of therapy, the patient's newly acquired visual skills are reinforced and made automatic through repetition and by integration with motor and cognitive skills.

While vision therapy includes the eye muscle training methods of orthoptics, it has advanced far beyond it to include training and rehabilitation of the eye-brain connections involved in vision. Clinical and research developments in vision therapy were closely allied with developments in neuroscience during the twentieth century. Research continues in the 21st century.

In vision therapy programs, optometrists look at the neurological control system and thus are treating the whole visual-motor system and altering reflexive behavior, which results in a lasting cure. Also, most optometrists rely on office based therapy, which they believe is more accurately performed and monitored.